SYNTHESIS OF SENTENCES:RULES & SOLVED EXERCISES FOR SEBA/SMEBA

 

SYNTHESIS OF SENTENCES FOR HSLC- 2021

SYNTHESIS OF SENTENCES

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RULES & SOLVED EXERCISES

 

SIMPLE TO COMPOUND:

 

একটি simple sentence এ একটিমাত্র independent clause থাকে এবং কোনো dependent clause থাকে না ।

যেমন : Listening to music is my hobby.

পক্ষান্তরে একটি compound sentence এ কমপক্ষে দুটি independent clause থাকে যারা পৃথক sentence হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে এবং  coordinating conjunction দিয়ে যুক্ত থাকে ।

যেমন: Listening to music and singing songs are my hobbies.

 

SIMPLE SENTENCE কে COMPOUND SENTENCE এ রূপান্তরিত করার নিয়ম:- 

 

Rule 1:

যদি simple sentence এ বোঝানো হয় যে কেউ দুটো কাজ করছে, একটি আগে ও আরেকটি পরে তবে Compound sentence এ  প্রথম কাজটিকে দ্বিতীয় কাজের আগে উল্লেখ করে তাদেরকে “and” conjunction দিয়ে যুক্ত করতে হবে। Sentence এ দ্বিতীয় কাজের tense ব্যবহার করা হবে।

উদাহরণ:

Simple: Coming home she had lunch.

Compound: She came home and had lunch.

Simple: Going to the office I will write the article.

Compound: I will go to the office and will write the article.

Simple: Going to the varsity she will do the class.

Compound: She will go to the varsity and will do the class.

 

Rule 2:

Simple sentence এ “besides being” থাকলে compound sentence এ “not only..….but also” structure ব্যবহার করা হবে।

উদাহরণ:

Simple: Besides being beautiful the girl is intelligent.

Compound: The girl is not only beautiful but also intelligent.

Simple: Besides being a brilliant student she is a good singer.

Compound: She is not only a brilliant student but also a good singer.

Simple: Besides being a good writer he is an outstanding lecturer.

Compound: He is not only a good writer but also an outstanding lecturer.

 

Rule 3:

যদি simple sentence এ “in spite of” থাকে তবে compound sentence এ conjunction “but” দিয়ে ভিন্ন clause দুটো যুক্ত করতে হবে।

উদাহরণ:

Simple: In spite of his poverty the postman never shirks his duty.

Compound: The postman is poor, but he never shirks his duty.

Simple: In spite of his illness he sat for the exam.

Compound: He was ill, but he sat for the exam.

 

Rule 4:

যদি simple sentence এ বলা হয় যে একজন person কে কোনকিছু অর্জন করতে must কিছু করতে হবে তবে compound sentence এই structure follow করবে, ”person must do….or/otherwise the person will not…..”

উদাহরণ:

Simple: You must study hard to get good marks in the exam.

Compound: You must study hard or/otherwise, you will not get good marks in the exam.

Simple: He must run fast to win the race.

Compound: He must run fast or/otherwise, he will not win the race.

 

Rule 5:

যদি simple sentence এ বলা হয় যে একজন person কে must কিছু করতে হবে কোনকিছু escape/avoid করতে তবে compound sentence এই structure follow করবে ”person must do….or/otherwise person will + verb’s simple form…..” or , ”person must do…...or/otherwise person will be + verb’s past participle form”

উদাহরণ:

Simple: You must study hard to escape failure in the exam.

Compound: You must study hard or/otherwise you will fail the exam.

Simple: He must run fast to avoid losing in the race.

Compound: He must run fast or/otherwise, he will lose the race.

Simple: The culprit must run away to avoid his arrest.

Compound: The culprit must run away or/otherwise, he will be arrested.

 

Rule 6:

যদি simple sentence এ একজন person এর কোন কাজ করার কারণ বলা হয়, তবে compound sentence এ প্রথমে কারণ উল্লেখ করে result বা ফলাফলকে conjunction “and” দিয়ে যুক্ত করা হয়।

উদাহরণ:

Simple: Being guilty he ran away.

Compound: He was guilty, and he ran away.

Simple: Being so happy he started to dance.

Compound: He was very happy, and he started to dance.

 

Rule 7:

যদি simple sentence এ “for” থাকে এবং এর আগে কোন কাজ করার ফলাফল থাকে ও পরে কারণ থাকে তবে compound sentence এ “so”/”therefore”  থাকবে এবংএর আগে কারণ ও পরে কাজ করার ফলাফল থাকবে।

উদাহরণ:

Simple: The boss praised him for his hard work.

Compound: He worked hard, so the boss praised him.

Compound: He worked hard, and therefore, the boss praised him.

Simple: The singer is very popular among people for her sweet voice.

Compound: The singer’s voice is sweet, so she is very popular among people.

Compound: The singer’s voice is sweet therefore she is very popular among people.

 

Rule 8:

যদি simple sentence এ “to” থাকে এবং এর আগে কোন কাজ করার ফলাফল থাকে ও পরে কারণ থাকে তবে compound sentence এ conjunction “and” ব্যবহার হবে ও বাকি সবকিছু একই থাকবে।

উদাহরণ:

Simple: She came here to meet me.

Compound: She came here and met me.

Simple: She studied hard to get good marks.

Compound: She studied hard and got good marks.

 

Rule 9:

যদি simple sentence এ “In the event of being” থাকে তবে compound sentence এই structure follow করবে, “person must not be+ adjective + or/otherwise + person will not be…….”।

উদাহরণ:

Simple: In the event of being late you will not be allowed to participate in the meeting.

Compound: You must not be late or/ otherwise you will not be allowed to participate in the meeting.

Simple: In the event of being lazy you will not be allowed on the team.

Compound: You must not be lazy or/ otherwise you will not be allowed on the team.

 

 

COMPLEX TO SIMPLE:

A sentence characterized by one independent clause and at least one dependent clause is called a Complex sentence.

একটি Complex sentence এ একটি independent clause এবং কমপক্ষে একটি dependent clause থাকে ।

যেমন:- Although I was ill, I attended the meeting.

পক্ষান্তরে একটি Simple sentence এ একটি মাত্র independent clause এবং কোনো dependent clause থাকে না।

যেমন:- In spite of my illness I attended the meeting.

 

COMPLEX SENTENCE কে SIMPLE SENTENCE এ রূপান্তরিত করার নিয়ম :-

 

Rule 1:

যখন since/as/when সহ complex sentence এর দুটি clause এর subject একই হয় এবং উভয় clause এর main verb থাকে, তবে simple sentence এই formula follow করবে: 1st clause এর Verb+ ing + verb এর বাকি অংশ + comma + 1st clause এর subject + বাকি অংশ ।

উদাহরণ:-

Complex: Since I was ill, I could not attend the meeting.

Simple: Being ill, I could not attend the meeting.

Complex: As I performed very well, I got the first prize.

Simple: Performing very well, I got the first prize.

Complex: When the criminal saw the police, he ran away.

Simple: Seeing the police, the criminal ran away.

Exception:

Complex: When the chicken curry arrived, we started having lunch.

Simple: On the arrival of the chicken curry, we started having lunch.

 

Rule 2:

যখন complex sentence এর দুটি clause এর subject ভিন্ন হয় এবং am/is/are/was/were/has/have/had থাকে, তবে simple sentence এই নিয়ম follow করবে:

since/as/when উঠিয়ে দেবে + am/is/are/was/were এর পরিবর্তে being অথবা has/have/had এর পরিবর্তে having ব্যবহার করবে + ২য় clause ।

উদাহরণ:-

Complex: ‍ Since the weather was very bad, we did not start the journey.

Simple: The weather being very bad, we did not start the journey.

Complex: When the show was over, we came back home.

Simple: The show being over, we came back home.

 

Rule 3:

যখন দুটি clause এর subject একই হয় এবং subordinate clause এর be verb (am/is/are/was/were/has/have/had) থাকে, তবে simple sentence এই নিয়ম follow করবে:

since/as এর পরিবর্তে because of+ ১ম clause এর subject এর possessive form + (am/is/are/was/were) এর পরিবর্তে being অথবা (has/have/had) এর পরিবর্তে having ব্যবহার করবে + comma+ ২য় clause ।

উদাহরণ:-

Complex: Since he was ill, he could not come.

Simple: Because being ill, he could not come.

Complex: He was loved by all, as he had honesty.

Simple: He was loved by all, because of his having honesty.

 

Rule  4:

যখন complex sentence এ relative pronoun থাকে, তখন simple sentence এই নিয়ম follow করবে:

প্রথম থেকে relative pronoun পর্যন্ত লিখতে হবে + relative pronoun উঠে যাবে + be verb উঠে যাবে + the main verb + ing + বাকি অংশ ।

উদাহরণ:-

Complex: The doctor lived in a quarter that belonged to the hospital.

Simple: The doctor lived in a quarter belonging to the hospital.

Complex: A cow that is very strong can plow this land.

Simple: A cow being very strong can plow his land.

Complex: The students who study seriously can get good marks.

Simple: The students studying seriously can get good marks.

 

Rule 5:

যদি complex sentence এ “when” থাকে যা সময়ের পরিমাপ বোঝায় তবে একে simple করার সময়, when উঠে যাবে+ when এর পরের ‍ subject ও verb উঠে যাবে + ছোট সময় at/in + ‍ season (যদি উল্লেখ থাকে) + age থাকলে at the age of + বাকি অংশ।

উদাহরণ:-

Complex: When it was midnight, I was awakened by the sound of construction.

Simple: At midnight I was awakened by the sound of construction.

Complex: When it is summer, we can eat different kinds of mango.

Simple: In summer, we can eat different kinds of mango.

Complex: When he was six, he left the country.

Simple: At the age of six, he left the country.

কিন্তু যদি when সময় না বুঝিয়ে কোন কিছু ঘটছে তা বোঝায় তবে, At the time of + Verb+ ing + বাকি অংশ, এই নিয়ম ব্যবহার হবে ।

উদাহরণ:-

Complex: When it was raining, we were sitting in the coffee shop.

Simple: At the time of raining, we were sitting in the coffee shop.

যখন subordinate clause এ personal subject ব্যবহৃত হয়, তখন simple sentence, possessive pronoun ব্যবহার করে ।

উদাহরণ:-

Complex: When they were studying, the teacher came.

Simple: At the time of their studying, the teacher came.

Complex: When I was having tea, she came.

Simple: At the time of my having tea, she came.

 

Rule 6:

Negative conditional complex sentence যাতে if থাকে, তা ‍ simple করতে এই নিয়ম ব্যবহার করা হয়: Without+ Verb+ ing + ২য় clause ।

উদাহরণ:-

Complex: If you do not struggle in life, you cannot achieve your goal.

Simple: Without struggling in life, you cannot achieve your goal.

Complex: If you do not study hard, you will not get good marks in the exam.

Simple: Without studying hard, you will not get good marks in the exam.

যদি clause টি affirmative হয়, without এর পরিবর্তে by ব্যবহৃত হয় ।

উদাহরণ:-

Complex: If you work hard, you will get promotion quickly.

Simple: By working hard, you will get promotion quickly.

 

Rule 7:

যদি complex sentence এ “so that” থাকে তবে, simple sentence এই নিয়ম follow করবে: শুরু থেকে so পর্যন্ত লিখতে হবে + “so that “থেকে may/might/can/could পর্যন্ত উঠে যাবে + to + sentence এর বাকি অংশ ।

উদাহরণ:-

Complex: The student studied hard so that he could get good marks on the exam.

Simple: The student studied hard to get good marks on the exam.

Complex: The singer is trying hard so that she can get the national award.

Simple: The singer is trying hard to get the national award.

 

Rule 8:

যদি complex sentence এ “so……that” form থাকে তবে, simple sentence এই নিয়ম follow করবে:

so এর জায়গায় too বসবে + that এর আগে পর্যন্ত একই জিনিস বসবে + that থেকে not পর্যন্ত অংশ উঠে যাবে + to + বাকি অংশ।

উদাহরণ:-

Complex: ‍He is so sick that he cannot come.

Simple: He is too weak to come.

 

Rule 9:

যখন complex sentence এ though/although থাকে, একে simple form এ নিতে এই নিয়ম follow করতে হয়:

Though/although এর স্থানে In spite of ব্যবহার হবে + subject এর possessive form + am/is/are/was/were এর স্থানে being অথবা has/have/had এর স্থানে having অথবা verb+ ing ব্যবহার হবে + বাকি অংশ + ২য় clause ।

উদাহরণ:-

Complex: Though she was sick, she worked very hard.

Simple: In spite of her being sick, she worked very hard.

Complex: Although he has a lot of books, he wants to buy more.

Simple: In spite of his having a lot of books, he wants to buy more.

 

 

COMPLEX TO COMPOUND:

একটি Complex sentence এ একটি independent clause এবং কমপক্ষে একটি dependent clause থাকে।

যেমন:- I will wait here until you come.

পক্ষান্তরে একটি compound sentence এ কমপক্ষে দুটি independent clause থাকে যারা পৃথক sentence হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে এবং  coordinating conjunction দিয়ে  যুক্ত থাকে ।

যেমন:- Listening to music and singing songs are my hobbies.

 

COMPLEX SENTENCE কে COMPOUND SENTENCE এ রূপান্তরিত করার :-

 

Rule 1:

If the complex sentence has “though”/”Although” in the beginning, the compound sentence will use the conjunction “but”/”yet” to connect the different clauses.

Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “though”/”Although” থাকলে, compound sentence “but”/”yet” conjunction দিয়ে পৃথক clause গুলোকে যুক্ত করে ।

উদাহরণ:-

Complex: Though he is poor, he is happy.

Compound: He is poor, but he is happy.

Complex: Although she is ill, she worked very hard.

Compound: She is ill, yet she worked very hard.

Complex: Though the class was lengthy, the class was enjoyable.

Compound: The class was lengthy, but it was enjoyable.

 

Rule 2:

Complex sentence এর মাঝে যদি “lest” থাকে এবং person এর পরে “should” থাকে তবে compound sentence এ conjunction “or”/”otherwise” ব্যবহার করে পৃথক clause গুলোকে যুক্ত করা হয় এবং দ্বিতীয় clause এ future tense হয় ।

উদাহরণ:-

Complex: Study hard lest you should fail.

Compound: Study hard, or you will fail.

Complex: Practice hard lest you should be out of the cricket team.

Compound: Practice hard otherwise you will be out of the cricket team.

 

Rule 3:

Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “As soon as” থাকলে, compound sentence “and” conjunction  দিয়ে পৃথক clause গুলোকে যুক্ত করে ।

উদাহরণ:-

Complex: As soon as the rain stopped, we started the journey.

Compound: The rain stopped, and we started the journey.

Complex: As soon as the crowd saw the hero, they started shouting.

Compound: The crowd saw the hero and started shouting.

Rule 4:

Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “since”/”as”/”when” থাকলে, compound sentence “and”/”so”/”hence”/”therefore” দিয়ে পৃথক clause গুলোকে যুক্ত করে ।

উদাহরণ:-

Complex: Since the weather was bad, the match did not take place.

Compound: The weather was bad, and the match did not take place.

Complex: As she was ill, she did not come.

Compound: She was ill, so she did not come.

Complex: When it is evening, the sun has set to the west.

Compound: The sun has set to the west, and therefore it is evening.

 

Rule 5:

Complex sentence এ relative pronoun “who” থাকলে, compound sentence সে স্থানে “and” ব্যবহার করে এবং প্রথম clause এর object দ্বিতীয় clause এর subject হয়ে যায় ।

উদাহরণ:-

Complex: I saw a girl who was singing.

Compound: I saw a girl, and she was singing.

Complex: I have a friend who is a writer.

Compound: I have a friend, and she is a writer.

 

Rule 6:

Complex sentence এর শুরুতে  “if” ও এর পরে first or third person থাকলে  এবং তা যদি negative অর্থ প্রকাশ করে  তবে compound করার সময় এই structure follow করা হয় “Let+ pronoun এর object form + subordinate clause  এর affirmative form + or/otherwise + main clause” ।

উদাহরণ:-

Complex: If I do not go there I will be unable to learn it.

Compound: let me go there or/otherwise I will be unable to learn it.

Complex: if I do not study hard I will be unable to get good marks.

Compound: Let me study hard or/otherwise I will be unable to get good marks.

 

Rule 7:

Complex sentence এর শুরুতে  “if” ও এর পরে first or third person থাকলে  এবং তা যদি affirmative form  এ থাকে  তবে compound করার সময় এই structure follow করা হয়, “Let+ pronoun  এর object form + দুই  clauses এর  মাঝে “and” + main clause” ।

উদাহরণ:-

Complex: If I go there, I will be able to learn it.

Compound: let me go there, and I will be able to learn it.

Complex: if I study hard, I will be able to get good marks.

Compound: Let me study hard, and I will be able to get good marks.

Rule 8:

Complex sentence এর শুরুতে  “if” ও এর পরে second person থাকলে  এবং তা যদি negative অর্থ প্রকাশ করে  তবে compound করার সময় “If you do not” উঠে গিয়ে verb এর affirmative form + or/otherwise + main clause হয় ।

উদাহরণ:-

Complex: If you do not study hard, you will fail.

Compound: Study hard, or you will fail.

Complex: If you do not practice more, you cannot become a good singer.

Compound: Practice more, or you cannot become a good singer.

 

Rule 9:

Complex sentence এর শুরুতে  “if” ও এর পরে second person থাকলে  এবং তা যদি affirmative form  এ থাকে তবে compound করার সময় “If you do not” উঠে গিয়ে verb এর affirmative form + and + main clause হয় ।

উদাহরণ:-

Complex: If you study hard, you will get good marks.

Compound: Study hard, and you will get good marks.

Complex: If you read more, your writing capability will increase.

Compound: Read more, and your writing capability will increase.

 

Rule 10:

Complex sentence যদি “so…that” form এ থাকে তবে compound sentence এই নিয়ম follow করবে, “so” এর স্থানে “very “; “that” এর স্থানে ”and” +so/hence/therefore + main clause ।

উদাহরণ:-

Complex: I am so tired that I cannot work.

Compound: I am very tired, and so/hence/therefore I cannot work.

Complex: The place is so crowded that I cannot find a place to stand.

Compound: The place is very crowded, and so/hence/therefore I cannot find a place to stand.

 

Rule 11:

Complex sentence এর শুরুতে  “Unless” ও এর পরে second person (you) থাকলে , compound sentence এই structure follow করবে,  “Unless ও you উঠে যাবে + দুই clause এর মাঝে ”or” + main clause ।

উদাহরণ:-

Complex: Unless you say prayers, you cannot advise anyone to say prayers.

Compound: Say prayers, or you cannot advise anyone to say prayers.

Complex: Unless you practice hard, you cannot become a good singer.

Compound: Practice hard, or you cannot become a good singer.

 

COMPOUND TO SIMPLE:

 

একটি compound sentence এ কমপক্ষে দুটি independent clause থাকে যারা পৃথক sentence হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে এবং  coordinating conjunction দিয়ে  যুক্ত থাকে ।

যেমন:- Listening to music and singing songs are my hobbies.

On the other hand, a simple sentence is characterized by only one independent clause and no dependent clause.

একটি compound sentence এ কেবলমাত্র একটি independent clause থাকে এবং dependent clause থাকে না ।

যেমন:- Listening to music is my hobby.

 

COMPOUND SENTENCE কে SIMPLE SENTENCE এ রূপান্তরিত করার নিয়ম:-

 

Rule 1:

যদি compound sentence এ বোঝানো হয় যে কেউ দুটো কাজ করছে, একটি আগে ও আরেকটি পরে এবং “and” conjunction দিয়ে যুক্ত থাকে, তবে simple sentence এ রূপান্তরিত করার সময় প্রথম verb এর সাথে “ing” যোগ করে প্রথম clause টিকে সংক্ষিপ্ত করা হয় এবং দ্বিতীয় clause এর Tense ব্যবহৃত হয় ।

উদাহরণ:-

Compound: I went there and met her.

Simple: Going there I met her.

Compound: She will go to the office and will do the work.

Simple: Going to the office she will do the work.

Compound: She will go to the theatre and watch the play.

Simple: Going to the theatre she will watch the play.

 

Rule 2:

Compound sentence এ “not only..….but also” থাকলে, simple sentence এ “besides being” ব্যবহার করা হবে।

উদাহরণ:-

Compound: The girl is not only beautiful but also intelligent.

Simple: Besides being beautiful the girl is intelligent.

Compound: She is not only a brilliant student but also a good singer.

Simple: Besides being a brilliant student she is a good singer.

Compound: He is not only a good writer but also an outstanding lecturer.

Simple: Besides being a good writer he is an outstanding lecturer.

 

Rule 3:

যদি compound sentence এ conjunction “but” দিয়ে দুটো ভিন্ন clause যুক্ত থাকে, তবে simple sentence এ শুরুতে “in spite of”, এর পরে  person অনুযায়ী my/his/her + subordinate clause এর adjective এর noun form + main clause ব্যবহার করা হবে।

উদাহরণ:-

Compound: The book was long but interesting.

Simple: In spite of being long the book was interesting.

Compound: He was ill, but he came for rehearsal.

Simple: In spite of his illness he came for rehearsal.

Rule 4:

যদি compound sentence এই structure follow করে, ”person must do….or/otherwise person will not…..” , তবে simple sentence এই structure follow করবে, “ person must do….to + কাজটি করার ফলাফল ।

উদাহরণ:-

Compound: You must study hard or/otherwise, you will not get good marks in the exam.

Simple: You must study hard to get good marks in the exam.

Compound: He must run fast or/otherwise, he will not win the race.

Simple: He must run fast to win the race.

 

Rule 5:

যদি compound sentence এই structure follow করে, ”person must (do)….or/otherwise person will + verb এর simple form…..” or , ”person must do…...or/otherwise person will be + verb এর past participle form, simple sentence এই structure follow করবে, ”person must (do)….to escape/avoid……” ।

উদাহরণ:-

Compound: You must practice hard or/otherwise, you will lose the game.

Simple: You must practice hard to escape losing the game.

Compound: He must work hard or/otherwise, he will be suspended.

Simple: He must work hard to avoid suspension.

Compound: The thief must run away or/otherwise, he will be beaten.

Simple: The thief must run away to avoid being beaten.

 

Rule 6:

যদি compound sentence প্রথমে কোনো কাজ করার কারণ উল্লেখ করে, কাজ করার ফলাফলকে conjunction “and ” দিয়ে যুক্ত করে, তবে simple sentence এই structure follow করবে, “ Being + adjective (কারণ)+ main clause।

উদাহরণ:-

Compound: He was guilty, and he ran away.

Simple: Being guilty he ran away.

Compound: He was very happy, and he started to dance.

Simple: Being so happy he started to dance.

Rule 7:

যদি compound sentence এ “so”/”therefore”  থাকে এবংএর আগে কারণ ও পরে কাজ করার ফলাফল থাকে, তবে simple sentence এ “for” থাকবে এবং এর আগে কোন কাজ করার ফলাফল ও পরে কারণ থাকবে।

উদাহরণ:-

Compound: He worked hard, so the boss praised him.

Compound: He worked hard, and therefore the boss praised him.

Simple: The boss praised him for his hard work.

Compound: The singer’s voice is sweet, so she is very popular among people.

Compound: The singer’s voice is sweet therefore she is very popular among people.

Simple: The singer is very popular among people for her sweet voice.

 

Rule 8:

যদি compound sentence এ conjunction “and” ব্যবহার করে এর আগে কোন কাজ করার ফলাফল ও পরে কারণ থাকে, তবে simple sentence এ “to” ব্যবহার হবে ও বাকি সবকিছু একই থাকবে।

উদাহরণ:-

Compound: She came here and met me.

Simple: She came here to meet me.

Simple: She studied hard to get good marks.

Compound: She studied hard and got good marks.

 

Rule 9:

যদি compound sentence এই structure follow করে, “person must not be+ adjective + or/otherwise + person will not be…….”, simple sentence শুরুতে “In the event of being”+ adjective+ main clause ব্যবহার করবে ।

উদাহরণ:-

Compound: You must not be late or/ otherwise you will not be allowed to participate in the meeting.

Simple: In the event of being late you will not be allowed to participate in the meeting.

Compound: You must not be lazy or/ otherwise you will not be allowed on the team.

Simple: In the event of being lazy you will not be allowed on the team.

 

 

COMPOUND TO COMPLEX:

একটি compound sentence এ কমপক্ষে দুটি independent clause থাকে যারা পৃথক sentence হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে এবং  coordinating conjunction দিয়ে  যুক্ত থাকে ।

যেমন:- Listening to music and singing songs are my hobbies.

পক্ষান্তরে Complex sentence এ একটি independent clause এবং কমপক্ষে একটি dependent clause থাকে।

যেমন:-  I will wait here until you come.

 

COMPOUND SENTENCE কে COMPLEX SENTENCE এ রূপান্তরিত করার নিয়ম:-

 

Rule 1:

Compound sentence “but”/”yet” conjunction দিয়ে পৃথক clause গুলোকে যুক্ত করলে, Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “though”/”Although” বসে “but”/”yet” উঠে যাবে ।

উদাহরণ:-

Compound: He is poor, but he is happy.

Complex: Though he is poor, he is happy.

Compound: She is ill, yet she worked very hard.

Complex: Although she is ill, she worked very hard.

Compound: The class was lengthy, but it was enjoyable.

Complex: Though the class was lengthy, the class was enjoyable.

 

Rule 2:

যদি Compound sentence এ conjunction “or”/”otherwise” ব্যবহার করে পৃথক clause গুলোকে যুক্ত করা হয় এবং দ্বিতীয় clause এ future tense হয়, তবে complex sentence এর মাঝে  “lest” হবে এবং person এর পরে “should” বসবে ।

উদাহরণ:-

Compound: Study hard, or you will fail.

Complex: Study hard lest you should fail.

Compound: Practice hard otherwise you will be out of the cricket team.

Complex: Practice hard lest you should be out of the cricket team.

 

Rule 3:

 যদি compound sentence “and” conjunction  দিয়ে পৃথক clause গুলোকে যুক্ত করে, তবে complex sentence এর শুরুতে “As soon as” বসে মাঝ থেকে “and” উঠে যাবে ।

উদাহরণ:-

Compound: The rain stopped, and we started the journey.

Complex: As soon as the rain stopped, we started the journey.

Compound: The crowd saw the hero and started shouting.

Complex: As soon as the crowd saw the hero, they started shouting.

Rule 4:

যদি compound sentence “and”/ ”so”/ ”hence”/ ”therefore” দিয়ে পৃথক clause গুলোকে যুক্ত করে, তবে complex sentence এর শুরুতে “since”/ ”as”/ ”when” বসে “and”/ ”so”/ ”hence”/ ”therefore” উঠে যাবে ।

উদাহরণ:-

Compound: The weather was bad, and the match did not take place.

Complex: Since the weather was bad, the match did not take place.

Compound: She was ill, so she did not come.

Complex: As she was ill, she did not come.

Compound: The sun has set to the west, and therefore it is evening.

Complex: When it is evening, the sun has set to the west.

 

Rule 5:

যদি  compound sentence এ “and” ব্যবহৃত হয় একই ব্যক্তি সম্পর্কে দুটো ভিন্ন clause যুক্ত করতে,  তবে complex sentence “and” এর স্থানে relative pronoun “who” ব্যবহার করে এর পরের pronoun উঠিয়ে দেবে ।

উদাহরণ:-

Compound: I saw a girl, and she was singing.

Complex: I saw a girl who was singing.

Compound: I have a friend, and she is a writer.

Complex: I have a friend who is a writer.

 

Rule 6:

যদি compound sentence এই structure follow করে , “Let+ pronoun এর object form + subordinate clause  এর affirmative form + or/otherwise + main clause”, তবে complex sentence এর শুরুতে  “if” ও এর পরে first or third person ব্যবহার করে negative অর্থ প্রকাশ করে ।

উদাহরণ:-

Compound: let me go there or/otherwise I will be unable to learn it.

Complex: If I do not go there I will be unable to learn it.

Compound: Let me study hard or/otherwise I will be unable to get good marks.

Complex: if I do not study hard I will be unable to get good marks.

 

Rule 7:

Compound sentence যদি এই  structure follow করে , “Let+ pronoun  এর object form + দুই  clauses এর  মাঝে “and” + main clause”, তবে complex sentence এর শুরুতে  “if” ও এর পরে first or third person ব্যবহার করে affirmative form এ থাকে ।

উদাহরণ:-

Compound: Let me study hard, and I will be able to get good marks.

Complex: If I study hard, I will be able to get good marks.

Compound: Let me go there, and I will be able to learn it.

Compound: Let me go there, and I will be able to learn it.

Rule 8:

Compound sentence যদি এই  structure follow করে , verb এর affirmative form + or/otherwise + main clause, complex sentence এর শুরুতে  “if” ও এর পরে second person ব্যবহার করে negative অর্থ প্রকাশ করে ।

উদাহরণ:-

Compound: Study hard, or you will fail.

Complex: If you do not study hard, you will fail.

Compound: Practice more, or you cannot become a good singer.

Complex: If you do not practice more, you cannot become a good singer.

 

Rule 9:

Compound sentence যদি এই  structure follow করে , verb এর affirmative form + and + main clause, Complex sentence এর শুরুতে  “if” ও এর পরে second person ব্যবহার করে affirmative form এ থাকে ।

উদাহরণ:-

Compound: Study hard, and you will get good marks.

Complex: If you study hard, you will get good marks.

Compound: Read more, and your writing capability will increase.

Complex: If you read more, your writing capability will increase.

 

Rule 10:

যদি compound sentence “very….and so/hence/therefore+ main clause” এই from এ থাকে, তবে complex sentence “so…that” form ব্যবহার করবে ।

উদাহরণ:-

Compound: I am very tired, and so/hence/therefore I cannot work.

Complex: I am so tired that I cannot work.

Compound: The place is very crowded, and so/hence/therefore I cannot find a place to stand.

Complex: The place is so crowded that I cannot find a place to stand.

 

Rule 11:

যদি compound sentence দুই clause এর মাঝে ”or” ব্যবহার করে  উপদেশ দেয়া বোঝায়, তবে Complex sentence এর শুরুতে  “Unless” ও এর পরে second person (you) থাকে ।

উদাহরণ:-

Compound: Say prayers, or you cannot advise anyone to say prayers.

Complex: Unless you say prayers, you cannot advise anyone to say prayers.

Compound: Practice hard, or you cannot become a good singer.

Complex: Unless you practice hard, you cannot become a good singer.

 

 

SOLVED EXERCISES ON SYNTHESIS OF SENTENCES

 

EXERCISE GROUP NO:- 1

 

Rewrite the sentences, keeping in mind the three types of sentences, without changing the meanings of them.
Question 1. He hurt his foot. He stopped.
Answer: Having hurt his foot, he stopped.
Or He hurt his foot, therefore he stopped.
Or He stopped because he hurt his foot.

Question 2. I was walking along the street one day. I saw a dead snake.
Answer: While walking along the street one day, I saw a dead snake.
Or During my walk along the street one day, I saw a dead snake.
Or I was walking along the street one day and I a the dead snake.

Question 3. The magician took pity on the mouse. He turned it into a cat.
Answer: Taking pity on the mouse, the magician turned it into a cat.
Or The magician took pity on the mouse, so he turned it into a cat.

Question 4. He was weary of failure. He emigrated to Africa.
Answer: Being weary of failure, he emigrated to Africa.
Or He emigrated to Africa because he was weary of failure.

Question 5. I was returning home. I saw a man. He was lying by the roadside.
Answer: While returning home, I saw a man lying by the roadside.
Or While I was returning home, I saw a man who was lying by the roadside.

 

EXERCISE GROUP NO:- 2

 

Rewrite the sentences, keeping in mind the three types of sentences without changing the meanings of them.
Question 1. Jawaharlal Nehru died in 1964. He was the first Prime Minister of India.
Answer: Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, died in 1964.
Or Jawaharlal Nehru, who was the first Prime Minister of India, died in 1964.
Or Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Prime Minister of India and he died in 1964.

Question 2. The word of command will be given. You will fire.
Answer: At the word of command, you will fire.
Or You will fire as the word of command will be given.

Question 3. The judge gave his decision. The court listened to it silently.
Answer: The court listened silently to the decision given by the judge.
Or The judge gave the decision which the court listened to silently.
Or The court silently listened to the Judge’s decision.

Question 4. He amused us very much. He sang a funny song.
Answer: He amused us very much by singing a funny song.
Or He sang a funny song and amused us very much.

Question 5. It was a very hot day. I could not do any work properly.
Answer: It being a very hot day, I could not do any work properly.
Or I could not do any work properly because it was a very hot day.

 

EXERCISE GROUP NO:- 3

 

Join the following sentences to make one complete sentence without using and, but or so.
Question 1. The king died. His eldest son came to the throne.
Answer: After the king’s death, his eldest son came to the throne.

Question 2. His father was dead. He had to support his widowed mother.
Answer: His father being dead, he had to support his widowed mother.

Question 3. I will speak the truth. I am not afraid of any consequences.
Answer: I will speak the truth without being afraid of any consequences.
Or Since I am not afraid of any consequences, I will speak the truth.

Question 4. He must apologise. He will not escape punishment otherwise.
Answer: He must apologise to escape punishment.
Or If he wants to escape punishment, he must apologise.

Question 5. He cannot afford a car. He is very poor.
Answer: He is too poor to afford a car.
Or He is so poor that he can not afford a car.

 

EXERCISE GROUP NO:- 4

 

Join the following sentences to make one complete sentence without using and, but or so.
Question 1. He wants to earn his livelihood. He works hard for that reason.
Answer: He works hard to earn his livelihood.

Question 2. He is very honourable. He will not break his word.
Answer: He is honourable and he will not break his work. OR He will not break his work because he is honourable.

Question 3. I accept your answer. I do it without reserve.
Answer: I accept your answer without reserve.

Question 4. He was obstinate. He refused to listen to advice.
Answer: Because/as he was obstinate, he refused to listen to advice.

Question 5. He preserved. He was not deterred by obstacles.
Answer: Without being deterred by obstacles, he persevered.

 

EXERCISE GROUP NO:- 5

 

Rewrite the sentences without changing their meanings.
Question 1. He does well. He is nervous at the start.
Answer: Despite being nervous at the start, he does well.

Question 2. It is raining heavily. I will take an umbrella with me.
Answer: It is raining heavily so I will take an umbrella with me.

Question 3. I am in the right. You are in the wrong.
Answer: I am in the right but you are in the wrong.

Question 4. Sheena is a good student. Sheena is a good singer.
Answer: Sheena is not only a good student but also a good singer.
Or Apart from being a good student, Sheena is a good singer too.

Question 5. He was fined. He was sent to prison.
Answer: He was fined and sent to prison.
Or He was not only fined but also sent to prison.

 

EXERCISE GROUP NO:- 6

 

Rewrite the following sentences without changing their meanings.
Question 1. The train was wrecked. No one was hurt.
Answer: The train was wrecked but no one was hurt.
Or No one was hurt although the train was wrecked.

Question 2. Ram is ill. He still attends school.
Answer: Ram is ill yet he attends school.
Or Ram attends school despite being ill.

Question 3. I shall not oppose your plan. I cannot approve of it either.
Answer: I shall not oppose your plan, however, I cannot approve of it.

Question 4. He is a rich man. He did not earn his wealth.
He does not appreciate the value of money. He squanders it.
Answer: He is a rich man but as he did not earn his wealth, he does not appreciate the value of money and squanders it.

Question 5. The storm abated. The sun shone. The ship wrecked could see no sign of land.
Answer: The storm having abated, the sun shone, but the ship wrecked could see no sign of land.

 

EXERCISE GROUP NO:- 7

 

Rewrite the sentences without changing their meanings.
Question 1. He is poor. He is honest.
Answer: In spite of being poor, he is honest.
Or Though he is poor, he is honest.

Question 2. Her father died. She heard the news. She fainted.
Answer: On hearing the news of her father’s death, she fainted.

Question 3. Marco Polo made many discoveries. The discoveries were wonderful.
Answer: Marco Polo made many wonderful discoveries.
Or Marco Polo made many discoveries which were wonderful.

Question 4. I have some duties. I must perform them.
Answer: I have some duties to perform.
Or I have some duties that must be performed by me.

Question 5. The police arrived. The crowd disappeared.
Answer: The police having arrived, the crowd disappeared.
Or As soon as the police arrived, the crowd disappeared.

 

EXERCISE GROUP NO:- 8

 

Rewrite the sentences without changing their meanings.
Question 1. It must be done. The cost does not count.
Answer: It must be done at any cost.

Question 2. I have read Bacon. It profited me greatly.
Answer: Reading Bacon has profited me greatly.

Question 3. He is a bad boy. It is certain.
Answer: It is certain that he is a bad boy.

Question 4. He kicked the goal keeper. It was his intention to do so.
Answer: He kicked the goalkeeper intentionally.

Question 5. He was not at the meeting. His absence was unavoidable.
Answer: His absence at the meeting was unavoidable.

 

EXERCISE GROUP NO:- 9

 

Rewrite the sentences without changing their meanings.
Question 1. The storm ceased. The sun came out.
Answer: The storm having ceased, the sun came out.
Or Hardly had the storm ceased when the sun came out.

Question 2. The bugle sounded. The weary soldiers leapt to their feet.
Answer: The bugle having sounded, the weary soldiers leapt to their feet.
Or No sooner did the bugle sound than the weary soldiers leapt to their feet.

Question 3. He must confess his fault. He may thus escape punishment.
Answer: He may escape punishment by confessing his fault.
Or He may escape the punishment if he confesses his fault.

Question 4. He set traps every night. He cleaned his house of rats.
Answer: He set traps every night to clean his house of rats.

Question 5. Arohi has won Miss Mumbai crown. She will give us party today.
Answer: Having won Miss Mumbai crown, Arohi will give us a party today.

 

EXERCISE GROUP NO:- 10

 

Join the following sentences to make one complete sentence without using and, but or so.
Question 1. Sonia asked a riddle. I was unable to solve it.
Answer: I was unable to solve the riddle asked by Sonia.

Question 2. John helped Thomas. Thomas will always be grateful.
Answer: Thomas will always be grateful for John’s help.

Question 3. Rajan is a great Cricketer. He is also popular.
Answer: Rajan is a great popular cricketer.

Question 4. Adnan sang a wonderful song. It became a hit.
Answer: Adnan sang a wonderful hit song.

 

EXERCISE GROUP NO:- 11

 

Join the following sentences to make one complete sentence without using and, but or so.
Question 1. My grandfather is very old. He is very active.
Answer: My grandfather is very old still he is very active.

Question 2. Mala is not in the classroom. Mala is not in the library.
Answer: Mala is not in the classroom nor in the library.

Question 3. She was so excited about her performance. She could not sleep at night.
Answer: Since she was so excited about her performance, she could not sleep at night.

Question 4. Mumbai is densely populated. It is one of the major cities in the country.
Answer: Mumbai is densely populated as it is one of the major cities in the country.

 

EXERCISE GROUP NO:- 12

 

Join the following sentences to make one complete sentence without using and, but or so.
Question 1. This is the hospital. I was born here.
Answer: I was born in this hospital.

Question 2. The children have been sick for a week. They were unable to go to school.
Answer: The children were unable to go to school for a week on account of sickness.

Question 3. Mrs Kumar has been a teacher for thirty years. She will now retire.
Answer: Mrs Kumar will now retire after teaching for thirty years.

Question 4. We have had no respect for nature. Now we are suffering from the effects of global warming.
Answer: We are suffering from the effects of global warming for disrespecting nature.

 

EXERCISE NO:- 13

 

Combine each set of the following Simple Sentences into one Simple Sentence by using a Participle :

1. The tiger was hungry. He killed a goat.
Simple – Being hungry, the tiger killed a goat.

2. He has failed. He heard the news. He fainted.
Simple – Hearing the news of his failure, he fainted.

3. The people saw the flames. They ran towards the burning house.
Simple – Seeing the flames, the people ran towards the burning house.

4. He finished his work. He went home.

Simple – Having finished his work, he went home.

5. I was hungry. I took my food.

Simple – Being hungry, I took my food.

6. I saw a man. He was blind. He was carrying a lamp in his hand.

Simple – I saw a blind man carrying a lamp in his hand.

7. Mahesh Bhupati was defeated by Leander Paes. He was much disappointed.
Simple – Having been defeated by Leander Paes, Mahesh Bhupati was much disappointed.

8. I saw a man. He was smoking a cigarette.
Simple – I saw a man smoking a cigarette.

9. She went to the garden. She plucked flowers.
Simple – Having gone to the garden, she plucked flowers
10. I saw a ball. I picked it up.
Simple – Seeing a ball, I picked it up.

11. The servant swept the room. He went away.
Simple – Having swept the room, the servant went away.

12. He came to me. He gave me this letter.

Simple – Having come to me, he gave me this letter.

13. The poor man worked. He laughed. He thus spent his life.
Simple – Working and laughing, the poor man spent his life.
14. I was walking in the field. I saw a snake. I ran away.
Simple – Walking in the field and seeing a snake, I ran away.

15. The child lost his pen. He began to weep.
Simple – Having lost his pen, the child began to weep.
16. He was disguised as a saint. He escaped to Nepal.
Simple –  Having been disguised as a saint, he escaped to Nepal.

17. Turn to the right. You will then find the house.
Simple – Turning to the right, you will find the house.

18. The magician took pity on the rat. He turned it into a cat.
Simple – Taking pity on the rat, the magician turned it into a cat.

19. She was tired of reading. She lay down in bed.

Simple – Being tired of reading, she lay down in bed.

20. He jumped up. He ran away.

Simple – Jumping up, he ran away.

21. Brijesh lost his book. He searched for it.
Simple – Having lost his book, Brijesh searched for it.
Or  – Brijesh searched for his lost book.
22. He raised his gun. He took aim. He shot the tiger.
Simple – Raising his gun and taking aim, he shot the tiger.

23. He drew his sword. He attacked his enemy.

Simple – Drawing his sword, he attacked his enemy.

24. Sheela witnessed the show. She witnessed three dolls. The dolls were talking in a strange language.

Simple – Sheela witnessed the show of three dolls talking in a strange language.

25. A funny fox saw some grapes. They were hanging from a vine.

Simple – A funny fox saw some grapes hanging from a vine.

26. The boy has lost his books. He is searching them.
Simple – The boy is searching his lost books.
or  – Having lost his books, the boy is searching them.

27. He took off his shoes. He entered the temple.
Simple – Taking off his shoes, he entered the temple.

28. He went outside. He was accompanied by his brother.
Simple – He went outside, accompanied by his brother.

 

EXERCISE GROUP NO:- 14

 

Combine each set of the following Simple Sentences into one Simple Sentence by using an Infinitive :

1. I had no money. I could not give any body.
Simple – I had no money to give any body.

2. He has three sons. He has to educate them.
Simple – He has three sons to be educated.

3. He is very weak. He can not run.
Simple –  He is too weak to run.

4. Man works day and night. He has to support his family.

Simple – Man works day and night to support his family.

5. Neeta is very poor. She can not carry on her studies.

Simple – Neeta is too poor to carry on her studies.

6. Hari remained very serious in his studies right from the very beginning of the session. He wanted to top the Board’s Examination.
Simple – Hari remained very serious in his studies right from the very beginning of the session to top the Board’s Examination.

7. He has three daughters. He has to get them married.
Simple – He has three daughters to get them be married.

8. Give him a chair. He will sit on it.
Simple – Give him a chair to sit on it.

9. He is very fat. He can not run fast.
Simple – He is too fat to run fast.

10. Hari went to Agra. He wanted to see the Taj.
Simple – Hari went to Agra to see the Taj.
11. She will go to Kanpur. She will see her father.

Simple – She will go to Kanpur to see her father.

12. My uncle is quite weak. He can not go for a morning walk.

Simple – My uncle is too weak to go for a morning walk.

13. Sita went to Dehradun. She went there to see her sister.

Simple – Sita went to Dehradun to see her sister.

14. He had a large family. He had to provide for them.

Simple – He had a large family to provide for them.

15. I went to the station. My object was to see off my sister.
Simple – I went to station to see off my sister.

16. I went to my aunt’s house. I wanted to see my ailing cousin.
Simple – I went to my aunt’s house to see my ailing cousin.

17. Hari ran fast. He wanted to get the first prize.
Simple – Hari ran fast to get the first prize.

18. He could not prepare well for the examination. He had not sufficient time.

Simple – He had not sufficient time to prepare well for the examination.

19. He wanted to educate his son. He sent him to America.

Simple – He sent his son to America to be educated.

20. I have some duties. I must perform them.
Simple – I have some duties to perform them.

21. He gave me an apple. He asked me to taste it.
Simple –  He gave me an apple to taste.

23. He has some bills. He must pay them.
Simple – He has some bills to be paid.

24. He wanted to buy some dress material. He went to market.
Simple – He went to market to buy some dress material.

25. Walk in the open air. It is good for health.
Simple – To walk in the open air is good for health.
Or  – It is good for health to walk in the open air.

26. I heard of your son’s birth. I was pleased.

Simple – I was pleased to hear of your son’s birth.

27. I will pass the examination this year. I hope so.

Simple – I hope to pass the examination this year.

28. Everybody dies one day. Nobody likes it.

Simple – Nobody likes to die one day.

29. He went to station. He wanted to farewell his guests.
Simple – He went to station to farewell his guests.

30. They will go to market. They will buy fruits.
Simple –  They will go to market to buy fruits.

 

EXERCISE GROUP NO:- 15

 

Combine each of the following pairs of sentences into a simple sentence

1.    He won a jackpot. He built a big mansion.
2.    He stood on tip-toe. He reached for the bunch of grapes.
3.    He is going to London. He wants to pursue higher education there.
4.    Milton was the Homer of England. He wrote Paradise Lost.
5.    Patel was a strong man. He brought all the Princely States into the Indian Union. He used the method of persuasion. Sometimes he used the method of coercion.
6.    Gandhi was a great visionary. He realized the danger of communal conflicts. He sacrificed his life to bring about unity.

Answers

1.    Having won a jackpot he built a big mansion.
2.    Standing on tip-toe he reached for the bunch of grapes.
3.    He is going to London to pursue higher education
4.    Milton, the Homer of England, wrote Paradise Lost.
5.    Using the methods of persuasion and coercion Patel, a strong man, brought all the Princely States into the Indian Union.
6.    Having realized the danger of communal conflicts Gandhi, a great visionary, sacrificed his life to bring about unity.

 

EXERCISE GROUP NO:- 16

 

Combine the following sentences using an appropriate conjunction or a participle.

1. The thief heard the noise. He ran away.

2. He is very fat. He cannot walk fast.

3. The villagers caught the thief. They handed him over to the police.

4. Rahim is a doctor. He was my student at college.

5. You have to submit your application before Friday. Otherwise, it will not be accepted.

6. He has to start coming on time. Otherwise he will lose his job.

7. He is unwell. Still he attends the office regularly.

8. It may rain. We will get wet.

9. I bought these apples yesterday. They are ripe.

Answers

1. Hearing the noise, the thief ran away.

2. He is too fat to walk fast.

OR He is so fast that he cannot walk fast.

3. Having caught the thief, the villagers handed him over to the police.

4. Rahim who was my student at college is a doctor.

5. If you don’t submit your application before Friday, it will not be accepted.

Or Unless you submit your application before Friday, it will not be accepted.

6. If he does not start coming on time, he will lose his job.

Or Unless he starts coming on time, he will lose his job.

7. Though he is unwell, he attends the office regularly.

8. If it rains we will get wet.

9. These apples which I bought yesterday are ripe.

 

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